Having obtained near infrared data from wavelengths not touched by Voyager and Hubble, researchers in the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan combed those observations for triatomic hydrogen ions,

Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have captured direct images of Neptune's elusive auroras for the first time.

Webb has filled in many gaps left by Voyager 2, the only spacecraft to visit the planet. In 2022, the telescope captured Neptune's ghostly rings and revealed a band of clouds around a known vortex at the planet's south pole for the first time.